the subject, it means ‘to forgive sin’ (e.g. Num. 14:18). Where a sinful person is the subject, it usually means that he bears his own guilt (e.g. Lev. 7:18). Leviticus 16:22 is a rather different case, for an animal is the subject of the verb, and the judicial fate of the Israelites is transferred to the animal in such a way that they do not bear it themselves. The natural reading in this case is that the animal bears the sin and guilt of the people in their place and they are thereby released from
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